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2020年或许是最让人感到猝不及防的一年，疫情席卷了大半年，不知不觉中岁末已经来临。回想这一年，你最关注的新闻是什么？经过我们在微博开展的12轮投票，每个月的月度新闻热词已经出炉。一起来回顾一下2020的新闻大事件吧。

1月热词：

新冠肺炎疫情 COVID-19 pandemic

2020年1月，湖北省武汉市等多个地区发生新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情。

冠状病毒（coronavirus）是一类主要引起呼吸道、肠道疾病（respiratory and intestinal diseases）的病原体。这类病毒颗粒的表面有许多规则排列的突起（a fringe of bulbous surface projections），整个病毒颗粒就像一顶帝王的皇冠（royal crown），因此得名“冠状病毒”。冠状病毒除人类以外，还可感染猪、牛、猫、犬、貂、骆驼、蝙蝠、老鼠、刺猬等多种哺乳动物以及多种鸟类（mammals and birds）。

【关于新型冠状病毒】

2019-nCoV, as it's been labelled, is understood to be a new strain of coronavirus that has not previously been identified in humans.

这种新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）此前未在人类身上发现过。

Coronaviruses are a broad family of viruses, but only six (the new one would make it seven) are known to infect people.

冠状病毒是一个庞大的病毒家族，目前已知会感染人类的有六种（新发现的这种是第七种）。

Scientists believe an animal source is "the most likely primary source" but that some human-to-human transmission has occurred.

科学家认为动物是“最有可能的初始感染源”，不过，也有一些人传人的病例。

Signs of infection include respiratory symptoms, fever, cough, shortness of breath and breathing difficulties.

感染症状包括：呼吸道症状，发烧，咳嗽，呼吸短促，呼吸困难等。

（以上信息来源于世界卫生组织）

2月热词：

疫情防控阻击战 the battle of epidemic prevention and control

疫情就是命令，防控就是责任。全国上下齐心协力、众志成城，应对新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎疫情的防控工作有力有序有效开展。各地各部门坚定信心、同舟共济、科学防治、精准施策，坚决打赢这场疫情防控阻击战。

武汉征用24家医院万张床位收治发热病人

Wuhan has planned to transform 24 general hospitals for temporary use to cope with the increasing number of patients with fever, said the city's health commission on Saturday.

武汉市卫健委1月25日表示，武汉市计划征用24家综合医院，临时改造成为发热病人收治医院。

On the basis of the two designated hospitals and 61 fever clinics, the megacity decided to transform the 24 local hospitals in batches to provide thousands of beds for patients.

武汉在早期两家定点医院和61家发热门诊的基础上，计划分批征用24家当地医院，提供数千张床位。

In the first batch, seven hospitals have been transformed in accordance with the basic requirements of infectious disease prevention and control institutions to accept fever patients.

第一批7家医院已参照感染性疾病防治机构的基本要求，临时改造成为发热病人收治医院。

The second and third batch will involve three and 14 general hospitals, respectively.

第二批、第三批将分别征用3家、14家综合医院。

工信部向武汉紧急调配各类应急救援物资

China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) has mobilized efforts to increase medical supplies to Wuhan.

工信部已经动员力量增加对武汉的医疗供应。

The MIIT had transferred 14,000 protective suits and 110,000 pairs of gloves from the central medical reserves to the hardest-hit city of Wuhan.

工信部通过中央医药储备向疫情最严重的武汉市调用防护服1.4万件、医用手套11万双。

It also coordinated emergency supplies of 3 million masks, 100,000 protective suits and 2,180 pairs of goggles.

通过协调紧急采购，为武汉落实各类口罩货源300万个，落实防护服货源10万件，落实护目镜2180副。

The ministry urged related provinces and regions to organize manufacturers to restore production to step up supplies including disinfectant and infrared thermometers.

工信部督促要求相关省（区、市）组织本地区企业立即复工复产，增加消杀用品和红外线测温仪的供应。

防止疫情跨境传播，保护人民健康安全

海关总署发布公告，宣布重新启动出入境人员填写健康申明卡制度。

Outbound and inbound travelers should voluntarily report to customs officers if they feel sick with the symptoms of fever, cough and difficult breathing, according to China's customs and health authorities.

海关总署发布公告要求，出入境人员在出、入境时若有发热、咳嗽、呼吸困难等不适，应当向海关工作人员主动申报。

The move was to curb the cross-border spread of the new coronavirus and to safeguard public health, according to a joint statement released by the General Administration of Customs and National Health Commission.

海关总署联合国家卫生健康委员会发布公告防止疫情跨境传播，保护人民健康安全。

Those who have made voluntary reports should collaborate with customs officers in following health quarantine which involves temperature screening, medical checks and medical investigation, said the statement.

主动申报的人员应配合海关做好体温监测、医学巡查、医学排查等卫生检疫工作。

3月热词：

复工复产 work resumption

Hubei will accelerate work and production resumption as the outbreak continues to ease. The province will adopt risk and region-specific restoration measures in its efforts to resume work and production, and enterprises have been classified into four categories in terms of priorities given in work resumption.

随着疫情持续缓解，湖北省将加快复工复产，在落实分区分级差异化策略的前提下，对应不同优先等级，将复工复产的企业划分为四类。

4月热词：

全国哀悼日 national day of mourning

China will hold a national mourning on April 4 for martyrs who died in the fight against the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and compatriots died of the disease, according to the State Council.

为表达全国各族人民对抗击新冠肺炎疫情斗争牺牲烈士和逝世同胞的深切哀悼，国务院发布公告，决定2020年4月4日举行全国性哀悼活动。

During the commemoration, national flags flied at half-mast across the country and in all Chinese embassies and consulates abroad, and public recreational activities were suspended across the country.

在此期间，全国和驻外使领馆下半旗志哀，全国停止公共娱乐活动。

【单词讲解】

“下半旗”除了可以用这里的flags fly at half-mast表达之外，用flags fly at half-staff也是可以的。为什么会用mast和staff这两个词呢？因为mast本意是“桅杆”，后来也用来指“旗杆”，而staff其实是flagstaff的缩写，flagstaff相当于flagpole，本身就是“旗杆”的意思。

At 10:00 am, Chinese people nationwide observed three-minute silence to mourn for the deceased, while air raid sirens and horns of automobiles, trains and ships wailed in grief.

4月4日10时起，全国人民默哀3分钟，汽车、火车、舰船鸣笛，防空警报鸣响。

【单词讲解】

“默哀”比较常用的英文表达是observe (three-minute) silence (for someone)或者pay silent tribute (to someone)。Tribute可以表示“（对死者的）致敬，悼念，致哀”。例如：an obituary tribute（悼辞）；此外，tribute还可以表示“颂词”，例如：a birthday tribute（生日祝福）。

5月热词：

民法典 the Civil Code

十三届全国人大三次会议以2879票赞成、2票反对、5票弃权，高票表决通过《中华人民共和国民法典》。

In addition to general and supplementary provisions, the Civil Code includes six parts on real rights, contracts, personality rights, marriage and family, inheritance, and tort liabilities.

除总则和附则之外，《民法典》包括物权、合同、人格权、婚姻家庭、继承、侵权责任这六编。

The personal rights, property rights and other lawful rights and interests of the parties to civil legal relations shall be protected by law and shall not be infringed upon by any organization or individual, reads the Civil Code in its opening chapter.

《民法典》在总则部分明确，民事主体的人身权利、财产权利以及其他合法权益受法律保护，任何组织和个人不得侵犯。

保护人格尊严

The part on personality rights includes provisions on a civil subject's rights to life, body, health, name, portrait, reputation and privacy, among others.

人格权编包括民事主体享有的生命权、身体权、健康权、姓名权、肖像权、名誉权、隐私权等权利。

The part features stipulations on regulating studies related to human genes or embryos, strengthening privacy protection, banning sexual harassment, and other prominent issues of public concern.

人格权编还对严格规范与人体基因、人体胚胎等有关的科研活动，加强隐私保护，禁止性骚扰，以及其他公众关注的重要问题进行了规定。

适应新形势

Data and online virtual assets are also legally protected, according to the Civil Code.

《民法典》规定，数据及网络虚拟财产也受法律保护。

Personal information includes an individual's name, birthdate, identity card number, fingerprints, home address and phone number, as well as email addresses and location data.

个人信息的范围包括自然人的姓名、出生日期、身份证件号码、个人生物识别信息、住址、电话号码，以及电子邮箱地址和行踪信息。

此外，《民法典》还对紧急情况下保护个人权利的条款做了微调。

For example, if the guardian of a child is unable to perform his or her duties due to emergencies like being put under medical isolation, primary-level Party committees or civil affairs authorities must take over the guardianship, according to the code.

比如，儿童的监护人在医学隔离等紧急情况下无法履行监护责任的，基层党委或民政部门必须承担起监护责任。

Lawmakers say drafting the code is not about formulating a new civil law but rather systematically incorporating existing civil laws and regulations, modifying and improving them to adapt to new situations while maintaining their consistency.

人大代表们表示，起草《民法典》并不是制定一部新的民法，而是将现有的民事法律法规进行系统整合，在保持其一致性的前提下，根据新形势进行修订和完善。

The Civil Code will take effect on Jan 1, 2021.

《民法典》自2021年1月1日起施行。

6月热词：

北斗全球卫星导航系统 Beidou Navigation Satellite System

6月23日9时43分，我国在西昌卫星发射中心用长征三号乙运载火箭，成功发射北斗系统第五十五颗导航卫星，暨北斗三号最后一颗全球组网卫星。

The launch marked the completion of the in-orbit construction of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) , the country's largest space-based system and one of four global navigation networks, along with the United States' GPS, Russia's GLONASS and the European Union's Galileo.

此次发射标志着北斗全球卫星导航系统在轨部署完成，北斗系统是我国最大的空间导航系统，也是四个全球导航系统之一，其他三个分别为美国全球定位系统、俄罗斯格洛纳斯以及欧盟伽利略。

【知识点】

北斗卫星导航系统（Beidou Navigation Satellite System）是中国着眼于国家安全和经济社会发展需要，自主建设、独立运行的卫星导航系统（independently constructed and operated by China），是为全球用户提供全天候、全天时、高精度的定位（all-time, all-weather and high-accuracy positioning）、导航和授时服务（navigation and timing services）的国家重要空间基础设施。

中国高度重视北斗系统建设发展，自 20 世纪 80 年代开始探索适合国情的卫星导航系统发展道路，形成了“三步走”发展战略：2000 年年底，建成北斗一号系统，向中国提供服务；2012 年年底，建成北斗二号系统，向亚太地区提供服务（provide services in the Asia-Pacific region）；计划 2020 年前后，建成北斗三号系统，向全球提供服务（provide global services）。2035 年前，将以北斗系统为核心，建设完善更加泛在、更加融合、更加智能的国家综合定位导航授时（positioning navigation and timing，PNT）体系。

1994年，北斗卫星导航系统启动建设。20多年间，我国在西昌卫星发射中心共组织了44次北斗发射任务，利用长征三号甲系列运载火箭，先后将4颗北斗一号试验卫星（experimental satellites）、55颗北斗二号和北斗三号组网卫星（third-generation satellites）送入预定轨道，任务成功率100%。

By now, 59 satellites, including the first four experimental ones, have been launched from Xichang on Long March 3Bs, some having since been put into retirement.

到目前为止，西昌卫星发射中心通过长征三号乙运载火箭共发射了59颗北斗卫星，其中包括四颗试验卫星，有些卫星已经退役。

There are 30 third-generation Beidou satellites in three types of orbit — 24 in medium-Earth orbits, three in inclined geosynchronous satellite orbits and three in geostationary orbits.

目前，在轨北斗三号卫星共有30颗，包括24颗中圆地球轨道卫星、3颗倾斜地球同步轨道卫星和3颗地球静止轨道卫星。

7月热词：

《香港特别行政区维护国家安全法》The Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR)

The Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) was passed unanimously at the 20th session of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress (NPC), China's top legislature.

十三届全国人大常委会第二十次会议全票通过了《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区维护国家安全法》。

《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区维护国家安全法》共6章、66条，明确规定了香港特别行政区维护国家安全的职责和机构（the duties and government bodies of the HKSAR for safeguarding national security），分裂国家罪（secession）、颠覆国家政权罪（subversion）、恐怖活动罪（terrorist activities）、勾结外国或者境外势力危害国家安全罪（collusion with a foreign country or external elements to endanger national security）四类罪行和处罚。

According to the law, the central government will set up an office in the HKSAR for safeguarding national security.

根据该法，中央人民政府将在香港特别行政区设立维护国家安全机构。

The HKSAR will establish a committee for safeguarding national security, which is under the supervision of and accountable to the central government. To be chaired by the HKSAR chief executive, the committee shall have a national security adviser designated by the central government. The Hong Kong police force will also set up a department for safeguarding national security, according to the law.

香港特别行政区设立维护国家安全委员会，接受中央人民政府的监督和问责。香港特别行政区维护国家安全委员会由行政长官担任主席，委员会设立国家安全事务顾问，由中央人民政府指派。香港特别行政区政府警务处设立维护国家安全的部门。

According to the law, people convicted of the national security crimes could face up to life imprisonment.

该法规定，被判决犯危害国家安全罪行的人员面临的最高刑罚为无期徒刑。

Convicted criminals will be disqualified from running for public office, and people in public office who are found guilty of the crimes will be removed from their posts.

任何人经法院判决犯危害国家安全罪行的，即丧失作为候选人参加香港特别行政区任何公职的资格，在任公职人员丧失任职资格。

The law shall apply to acts committed after its entry into force for the purpose of conviction and imposition of punishment, according to its provision.

本法施行以后的行为，适用本法定罪处刑。

8月热词：

数字人民币 digitalized currency

The People's Bank of China, the central bank, is testing its digital currency in Shenzhen, Chengdu, Suzhou, Xiong'an and some areas where the 2022 Winter Olympics will be held.

中国人民银行将在深圳、成都、苏州、雄安以及2022年冬奥部分场景开展数字人民币试点。

【知识点】

中国人民银行自2014年开始研究法定数字货币。2017年，中国人民银行数字货币研究所正式成立。经国务院批准，人民银行组织部分实力雄厚的商业银行和有关机构共同开展数字人民币体系（digital currency and electronic payment，DC/EP）的研发。

中国人民银行数字货币可以看做是数字化的人民币现金（digitalized currency），由央行结算且具有法偿性（legal tender）。从使用场景上看，央行数字货币可用于小额、零售、高频的业务场景，与使用纸币差别不大。它不依托于银行账户和支付账户，只要用户手机装有数字货币钱包（digital wallet）即可使用。

中国人民银行日前召开的2020年下半年工作电视会议指出，法定数字货币封闭试点顺利启动。

Currently, the tests include salary payments to civil servants, payment for public transport services and energy and supply chain trading.

目前，试点涉及公务员工资支付、公共交通支付以及能源供应链支付等领域。

9月热词：

中国国际服务贸易交易会 China International Fair for Trade in Services

The China International Fair for Trade in Services, which was held in Beijing on Sept 4, staged a total of 190 forums and negotiations under the theme of "Global Services, Shared Prosperity".

中国国际服务贸易交易会于9月4日在北京举办，主题为“全球服务，互惠共享”，会议期间举办190多场论坛及洽谈活动。

【知识点】

根据世界贸易组织（WTO）的界定，服务贸易（trade in services）有12大领域，包括商业服务（business services）、通讯服务（communication services）、建筑及相关工程服务（construction and related services）、金融服务（financial services）、旅游及旅行相关服务（tourism and related services）、娱乐文化与体育服务（entertainment, culture and sports services）、运输服务(transport services )、健康与社会服务（health and social services）、教育服务（educational services）、分销服务（distribution services）、环境服务（environmental services）及其他服务。

中国国际服务贸易交易会（China International Fair for Trade in Services，CIFTIS）的前身是“京交会”（China (Beijing) International Fair for Trade in Services/Beijing Fair），自2012年首届举办以来已8年。作为服务贸易领域的龙头展会，服贸会同广交会、进博会一起成为中国对外开放的三大展会。

为了让受疫情影响无法到现场的嘉宾也能参加会议，同时扩大会议影响力，服贸会采取线上线下结合的方式。

As of Aug 30, over 2,000 firms had signed up as offline exhibitors, while more than 4,000 companies will showcase their products and services online.

截至8月30日，参加服贸会线下展会的企业有2000余家，线上参展4000余家。

Overseas exhibitors and guests will mainly attend the fair through online platforms to forestall risks brought by the COVID-19 pandemic.

为了防范新冠肺炎疫情风险，海外参展商以及嘉宾将主要通过线上平台参加服贸会。

Activities focusing on the twelve major areas of trade in services were held, covering 20 themes such as winter sports, cultural services, financial services, 5G communication services, education services, sports services, service robots, public health and epidemic prevention, e-commerce, environmental services, technical services, construction services, transportation services, tourism services, design services, exhibition services, intellectual property rights, and traditional Chinese medicine services.

2020年服贸会聚焦服务贸易12大领域，以冬季运动、文化服务、金融服务、5G通信服务、教育服务、体育服务、服务机器人、公共卫生防疫、电子商务、环境服务、技术服务、建筑服务、运输服务、旅游服务、设计服务、展会服务、知识产权、中医服务等20个专题为核心举办活动。

10月热词：

十九届五中全会 the fifth plenary session of the 19th CPC Central Committee

中国共产党第十九届中央委员会第五次全体会议，于2020年10月26日至29日在北京举行。

全会听取和讨论了习近平受中央政治局委托作的工作报告，审议通过了《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》（proposals for formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025) for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-Range Objectives Through the Year 2035）。

11月热词：

《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

After eight years of negotiations, 15 Asia-Pacific countries signed the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) on Nov 15, the world's biggest trade pact. The agreement involves all 10 member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and five of its major trading partners－China, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.

经过八年谈判，亚太地区15个国家于11月15日签署《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》（RCEP）。该协定是全球最大的贸易协定，参与国家包括东盟十国及其五个主要贸易伙伴：中国、日本、韩国、澳大利亚及新西兰。

12月热词：

离婚冷静期 cooling-off period

《中华人民共和国民法典》将于2021年1月1日起正式施行，其中新增的“离婚冷静期”受到网民关注。

Under the Civil Code, couples will have a 30-day cooling-off period after handing their divorce application to the civil affairs department. During the period, either party can withdraw the application.

《中华人民共和国民法典》规定，夫妻双方在向民政部门提交离婚申请后，要经历30天“冷静期”，在此期间，任何一方可撤回申请。

【词汇讲解】

这里的cooling-off来源于动词短语cool off，可表示“变凉，冷静”等意思，比如：Make sure you cool off the broccoli in ice water after you boil it.（西蓝花用热水煮过以后记得放冰水里冷却。）Don't talk to your mother like that! Go to your room and cool off!（不许那样跟你妈妈说话！回你的房间冷静一下！）

After 30 days, if both parties still insist on divorce, they should proceed to the civil affairs department in person and ask for the issuance of their divorce certificates. Otherwise, they will be treated as having withdrawn the application.

三十天后，如果双方仍然坚持要离婚，双方要共同亲自到婚姻登记机关申请离婚证，而其间双方没有共同亲自到场申请离婚证的，即视为撤回离婚登记申请。

针对网友担忧，“离婚‘难度’增大，会不会给婚姻弱势一方造成更大伤害？”“家暴受害者能顺利离婚吗？”

民政部社会事务司二级巡视员杨宗涛回应，

The application system should only be used by couples who had reached an amiable agreement. Situations involving domestic violence are better served through the court system.

关于离婚冷静期制度的规定只适用于协议离婚。对于有家暴情形的，当事人可向法院起诉离婚。

（中国日报网英语点津）

来源：中国日报网

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